What is Android?

  Actually Android is composed of  andro and oid where andro stands for human and oid stands for appearance. In technology sector android is an operating system. It is not new to us. In English dictionary Android was used since 19 century but after 20 century its use was increased dramatically. Nowadays it is the most popular operating system in mobile phones.

We may think that android operating system was initiated by Google but it’s not true. Andy Rubin, Mich Miner, Nick sears and Chris white had established android co-operation in 2003A.D. In 2005 A.D Google purchased Android Co in 50 million dollars. At first android was not an operating system it was just an application and after its original version was released it got changed to this stage.

Facts about Android

#In 1980s Android word was used in many films and games.

#The first Android phone was HTC G1 which was made on June 2008. In US it was known by the      name T MOBILE G1.

#Irina Blok in 2007A.D made logo for Android.

#November 5 is celebrated as the birthday of Android.

#Android is an open source code which everyone can change.

#In 2013 Android users became equal to that of ios, mac and windows.

#All of the Android versions were named after the sweet chocolates but first two pre-commercial release versions were alpha and beta.

#Google provides Android OS free of cost to mobile phone manufacturers.

#Everyday 1.5 million android mobile are active in the world.

#All of the Android versions are in English alphabetical order.

1) Alpha (1.0) - September 2003

2) Beta (1.1)-February 2007

3) Cupcake (1.5)-April 2009

4) Donut (1.6)-Sep 2009

5) Éclair (2.0-2.1)-Oct 2009

6) Froyo (2.2-2.2.3)-May 2010

7) Gingerbread (2.3-2.3.7) - Dec 2010

8) Honeycomb (3.0-3.2.6) - Feb 2011
9) Ice cream Sandwich (4.0-4.0.4) - Oct 2011

10) Jelly Bean (4.1-4.3.1) - July 2012

11) Kitkat (4.4-4.4.4)-Oct 2013

12) Lollipop (5.0-5.0.2)

GSM AND CDMA MOBILE NETWORKS

       GSM stands for Global System for Mobile communications and as of 2015 it has become a global standard for mobile communications with 90% market share operating in over 219 countries and territories.

    CDMA stands for Code Division Multiple Access. CDMA is an example of multiple accesses, where several transmitters can send information simultaneously over a single communication channel. This allows several users to share a band of frequencies.

    GSM mobile network is widely used by most of the world’s mobile operators. Most of the mobile phones support GSM network however few of them might support CDMA and very few both.

    In Nepal currently NEPAL TELECOM provides both GSM and CDMA network services and NCELL provides GSM network service only. UTL one of the mobile operators in Nepal provides CDMA mobile network service. There are high numbers of GSM service users than CDMA in Nepal.

Sal (Shorea Robusta) in Nepal

 Plant local name:

 Agrakh

 Sakhua

 Sal

 Sakwa  

    Distribution and Description:

      The tree is native to Indian sub continent ranging south of the Himalaya from Myanmar in east to Nepal, India and Bangladesh. In Nepal it is mostly found in terai region from east to west, especially in the Churia range. There are many protected areas such as Chitwan national park, Bardia national park and Shukla phata wildlife reserve where there are dense forests of huge Sal trees. It is also found in the lower belt of the hilly region and inner terai.

         S. Robusta is a large, deciduous tree up to 50m tall and with a DBH at 5m, these are exceptional sizes, and under normal conditions, it attains a height of about 18-32 m and girths 1.5-2m.

         The leaves of shorea Robusta are simple, shiny, glabrous, about 10-25cm long and broadly oval at the base, with apex tapering into a long point, new leaves reddish, soon becoming delicate green, flowers yellowish-white, arranged in large terminal or axillary racemose panicles.

           Fruit at full size is about 1.3-1.5cm long and 1cm in diameter it is surrounded by segments of the calyx enlarged into 5 rather unequal wings.

 Importance in Nepal:

           The natural s. Robusta forests in the terai are the country’s main source of building timber, and in the valleys of the hill region are a valuable source of timber fuel wood and fodder. The timber weighs between 800kg/m^3 and 960kg/m^3. It is an excellent fuel wood, with an energy content at about 22,700 KJ/kg for the heartwood and 21,300KJ/kg for the sapwood.

           Sal oil or butter is used for cooking locally and used for soap up to 30%. Refined, modified fat is a substitute for cocoa butter and used in confectionery industry. Sal butter is used in manufacturing of edible ghee, paints and pigments, lubricants, auto oil, etc. Sal seed oil can be used economically for production of bio diesel.

         S. Robusta leaves are widely used for making leaf plate and cups for both home use and sale to sale plate factories.

Vermicomposting in Nepal

  Definition

     Vermicomposting is the process of composting using various worms, usually Red wrigglers, White worms and other Earthworms to create a heterogeneous mixture of decomposing vegetable or food waste, bedding material and vermicast.

  Suitable species

      The most suitable species most often used for composting is the red wriggler (fisenia fetida or eisenia Andrei and lumbricus rubellus).other species used are:

1) Perionyx excavates

2) Eudrilus euginae

3) Lampito mauritii

Procedure

1)      For vermicomposting a large variety of bins are commercially available, or a variety of adapted containers may be used. They may be made of old plastic containers, wood or metal containers. The design of a bin usually depends on where an individual wishes to store the bin and how they wish to feed the worm. Bins need holes for aeration.

2)      The most common worms used in composting systems, red worms feed most rapidly at temperatures of 15-25 degree Celsius. They can survive at 10 degree Celsius. Temperature above 30 degree Celsius may harm them. If worm bin is kept outside, it should be placed in a sheltered position away from the direct sunlight and insulated against frost in winter. Green waste can be added in moderation to avoid heating of bin.

3)      The worms at first should be left to get acclimated to the bin for about a week and after that we may begin to add waste. One pound of red worms can eat half a pound of waste daily, which translate to 3 to 4 pounds each week.

4)      Materials you can compost include fruit and vegetable peels, skins and cores, egg shells rinsed off to remove inner residues; used coffee grounds; and used tea bags; grains such as bread, cracker and cereals. The compost gets ready in 3 months.

Warnings

1)      Never compost meat because it will turn rancid and smell and can promote the growth of harmful bacteria.

2)      Red worms should be used in vermicomposting instead of earthworms because the conditions inside the bin are too hot for earthworms to survive.

Advantages

1) Soil

a) The compost improves soil aeration.

b) It enriches soil with micro organisms.

c) It improves water holding capacity.

d) Microbial activity in worm castings is 10 to 20 times higher than in soil and organic matter that the worm ingests.

e) Vermicompost attracts deep-burrowing earthworms present in soil.

2) Solid waste management

a) It reduces waste flow to landfills in huge quantity and thus promotes solid waste management.

b) Elimination of bio wastes from the waste stream reduces contamination of other recyclables collected in a single bin.

c) Vermicomposting makes use of waste material both in urban as well as rural areas to improve sanitary conditions.

d) It manages 70-75% waste in solid form.

3) Economic benefits

a) It creates low skill jobs at local level.

b) Low capital investment and relatively simple technologies male vermicomposting practical for less developed agricultural regions.

c) Effective replacement of chemical fertilizers.

d) produces high quality compost (8-10 times better than conventional compost)

e) It does not make use of electricity/energy.

f) Locally available materials can be used, which costs less. It means vermicomposting can be done on low investment.

4) Vermicast is completely biodegradable.

5)It is user friendly, even handicapped person can do.

6) It is environment friendly as it does not pollute or degrade the environment rather it preserves the environment to a greater extent.